Specifically, a thrombus is a blood clot in an intact blood vessel. A thrombus in a large blood vessel will decrease blood flow through that vessel. In a small blood vessel, blood flow may be completely cut-off resulting in the death of tissue supplied by that vessel. If a thrombus dislodges and becomes free-floating, it is an embolus.
Some of the conditions in which blood clots develop include atrial fibrillation (a form of cardiac arrhythmia), heart valve replacement, a recent heart attack, extended periods of inactivity (see deep venous thrombosis), and genetic or disease-related deficiencies in the blood's clotting abilities.
Preventing blood clots reduces the risk of stroke, heart attack and pulmonary embolism. Heparin and warfarin are often used to inhibit the formation and growth of existing blood clots, thereby allowing the body to shrink and dissolve the blood clots through normal methods (see anticoagulant).
A thrombus differs from a haematoma by:
- Having high haematocrit
- Being non-laminar
- Being soft and friable
- Having an absence of circulation
Virchow's Triad describes the conditions necessary for thrombus formation:
- Changes in vessel wall morphology (e.g. trauma, atheroma)
- Changes in blood flow through the vessel (e.g. valvulitis, aneurysm)
- Changes in blood composition (e.g. leukaemia, hypercoagulability disorders)
Rinspirator
The Rinspiration™ System (Kerberos Proximal Solutions Inc., Sunnyvale, California) is intended for use in the setting of intravascular thrombus. The system consists of two components: a Rinspiration catheter and a Rinspirator™ device. Simultaneous rinsing and aspiration.
Rinspiration™ catheter and diagrammatic representation of turbulent flow as a result of injection and aspiration of infusate.
Rinspirator™ hand-held mechanical activator.
Procedure. The currently available Rinspiration catheter is compatible with a 7 Fr large lumen (internal diameter 0.078 inch) guiding catheter. A standard 0.014-inch wire is advanced into the vessel and across the treatment site. The catheter and hand-held activator system are assembled and flushed. The rapid exchange catheter is introduced over the wire into the guiding catheter. The catheter is advanced into the vessel until the distal tip marker is situated just proximal to the target lesion. The hand-held activator is squeezed and then released. It is necessary to pause slightly while the handle is in the fully squeezed position during each rinspiration cycle to allow the aspirating syringe to fill. The distal tip of the device is advanced a few millimeters every few rinspiration cycles.
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Kissing Anastomosis
namely "kissing" anastomosis, in which the atrial incision is directly sutured to the surface of the extracardiac conduit leaving a few millimeters outside from the edge of the punched-out hole (fenestration)
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Main Entry: fen·es·tra·tion
Pronunciation:
fen-
-
str
-shnFunction: noun
1 a : a natural or surgically created opening in a surface b : the presence of such openings
2 : the operation of cutting an opening in the bony labyrinth between the inner ear and tympanum to replace natural fenestrae that are not functional
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MRA = magnetic resonance angiography
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hematuria , (or "haematuria") is the presence of blood in the urine. It is a sign of a large number of diseases of the kidneys and the urinary tract, ranging from trivial to lethal.
Occasionally "hemoglobinuria" is used synonymously, although more precisely it refers only to hemoglobin in the urine.
Types
Red decolouration of the urine can have various causes:
- Red blood cells
- Microscopic hematuria (small amounts of blood, can be seen only on urinalysis or light microscopy)
- Macroscopic (or "frank" or "gross") hematuria
- Hemoglobin (only the red pigment, not the red blood cells)
- Other pigments (e.g., porphyrins in porphyria)
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A pseudoaneurysm, also known as a false aneurysm, is an outpouching of a blood vessel, involving a defect in the 2 innermost layer (tunica intima and media) with continuity of the outermost layer (adventia). Alternatively, all three layers are damaged and the bleeding is contained by a blood clot or surrounding structures.
Femoral pseudoaneurysms may complicate up to 8% of vascular interventional procedures. Small pseudoaneurysms can spontaneously clot, while others need definitive treatment. Surgery is considered the gold-standard treatment, although is not without risk in patients with severe cardiovascular disease. Less invasive treatment options, such as Duplex ultrasound-guided compression and percutaneous thrombin injection are available, however, evidence of their efficacy is limited.
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PTFE graft - polytetrafluoroethylene graft
Main Entry: 1graft
Pronunciation:
graftFunction: transitive verb
: to implant (living tissue) surgically <grafted a new piece of artery into the ruptured portion of the old artery>
intransitive verb : to perform grafting
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Main Entry: sa·phe·nous
Pronunciation: s
-f
-ns, saf--nsFunction: adjective
: of, relating to, associated with, or being either of the saphenous veins
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