systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), which is induced by proinflammatory cytokines
systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is an inflammatory state of the whole body (the "system") without a proven source of infection. It is serious medical condition.
SIRS can be diagnosed when two or more of the following are present[1][2][3][4]:
- Heart rate > 90 beats per minute
- Body temperature <> 38°C
- Hyperventilation (high respiratory rate) > 20 breaths per minute or, on blood gas, a PaCO2 less than 32 mm Hg
- White blood cell count <>3 or > 12000 cells/mm3 (<>9 or > 12 x 109 cells/L), or the presence of greater than 10% immature neutrophils.
Difference between SIRS and sepsis
SIRS with a confirmed infection,[4] proven through a positive blood culture or tissue sample positive for pathogenic organisms,[5] is called sepsis.
Simply stated:
SIRS + proof of infection = sepsis-----------------------------------------------------------------
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a glycoprotein involved in cell adhesion. It is normally produced during fetal development, but the production of CEA stops before birth. Therefore, it is not usually present in the blood of healthy adults, although levels are raised in heavy smokers. CEA was first identified in 1965 by Phil Gold and Samuel O. Freedman in human colon cancer tissue extracts . It was later found that serum from individuals with colorectal and other carcinomas had higher levels of CEA than healthy individuals and can be used to monitor the response to colon cancer treatment.
CEA and related genes make up the CEA family belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily. In humans, the carcinoembryonic antigen family consists of 29 genes, 18 of which are normally expressed.
--------------------------------------------------------------------Main Entry: proct-
Variant(s): or procto-
Function: combining form
1 a : rectum <proctoscope> b : rectum and <proctosigmoidectomy>
2 : anus and rectum <proctology>
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A Fistulotomy is the surgical opening or removal of a fistulus tract. They can be performed by excision of the tract and surrounding tissue, simple division of the tract, or gradual division and assisted drainage of the tract by means of a seton; a cord passed through the tract in a loop which is slowly tightened over a period of days or weeks.
Fistulas can occur in various areas of the human body, and the location of the fistula influences the necessity of the procedure. Some, such as ano-vaginal and perianal fistuals are chronic conditions, and will never heal without surgical intervention.
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A vagotomy is a surgical procedure that is performed only in humans. It is resection (removal of, or at least severing) of part of the vagus nerve.
The operation was popular up until the mid-1990s as a way of treating peptic ulcer disease, and preventing its recurrence. It was (incorrectly) thought that peptic ulcer disease was due to excess secretion of the acid environment in the stomach, or at least that peptic ulcer disease was made worse by hyperacidity. Vagotomy was a way to reduce the acidity of the stomach, by denervating the peptic cells that produce acid. This was done with the hope that it would treat or prevent peptic ulcers. It also had the effect of reducing or eliminating symptoms of gastro-esophageal reflux in those who suffered from it.
Vagotomy became obsolete when it was discovered by Barry Marshall and Robin Warren that Helicobacter pylori is responsible for most peptic ulcers. The correct treatment for peptic ulcer disease, therefore, is antibiotics. However, there are many patients alive who have had vagotomies performed.
A plain vagotomy is a very destructive procedure, since all the parasympathetic supply from the stomach to the left side of the transverse colon relies on the vagus nerves. The gut will still function without vagus supply, but less well.
Vagotomy technique was therefore improved by restricting resection to only those branches that go to the stomach (selective vagotomy), and further by selecting only those branches that appear to supply peptic cells (highly selective vagotomy).
Human have two vagus nerves, whose fibres decussate and intermingle around the stomach. Accordingly, a vagotomy operates on both nerves simultaneously and in practise there is no need or way to make a distinction between them.
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The vagus nerve (also called pneumogastric nerve or cranial nerve X) is the tenth of twelve paired cranial nerves, and is the only nerve that starts in the brainstem (within the medulla oblongata) and extends, through the jugular foramen, down below the head, to the abdomen. The vagus nerve is arguably the single most important nerve in the body.
The medieval Latin word vagus means literally "wandering" (the words vagrant, vagabond, and vague come from the same root). It is also called the pneumogastric nerve since it innervates both the lungs and the stomach.
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vagotomy, if cut vagus, what happens to pylorus?
- constrict
- gotta do something to help stomach emptying => pyloric plasty?
in gastric cancer, gastric acid secretion decreases
Atrophic gastritis is a process of chronic inflammation of the stomach mucosa, leading to loss of gastric glandular cells and their eventual replacement by intestinal and fibrous tissues. As a result, the stomach's secretion of essential substances such as hydrochloric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor is impaired, leading to digestive problems, vitamin B12 deficiency, and megaloblastic anemia. It can be caused by persistent infection with Helicobacter pylori, or can be autoimmune in origin.
