Pronunciation:
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ter-
Function: adjective
: occurring singly and not as part of a group solitary lesion>
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A bone scan is a nuclear medicine study to detect bone abnormalities. The patient is injected with a small amount of radioactive material and then scanned with a Gamma camera, a device sensitive to the radiation emitted by the injected material.
About half of the radioactive material is localised by the bones. The more active the bone turnover, the more radioactive material will be seen. Some tumors, fractures and infections show up as areas of increased uptake. Others can cause decreased uptake of radioactive material.
About half of the radioactive material leaves the body through the kidneys and bladder in urine. This is why it is important to drink a lot of water before, during and after the exam. Anyone having a study should empty their bladder immediately before images are taken.
The period from injection to completion can last over 4 hours. Actual images are taken for about 30 to 70 minutes. Sometimes late images are taken at 24 hours after injection.
Pregnant patients should consult with a physician before consenting to radioactive injections.
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Oophorectomy is the surgical removal of one or both ovaries. It is also called ovariectomy. If one ovary is removed, a woman may continue to menstruate and have children. If both ovaries are removed, menstruation stops and a woman loses the ability to have children.
Purpose
Oophorectomy is performed to:
- remove cancerous ovaries
- remove the source of estrogen that stimulates some cancers
- remove large ovarian cysts in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)
- excise an abscess
- treat endometriosis
In an oophorectomy, one or a portion of one ovary may be removed or both ovaries may be removed. When oophorectomy is done to treat ovarian cancer or other spreading cancers, both ovaries are always removed. This is called a bilateral oophorectomy. Oophorectomies are sometimes performed on pre-menopausal women who have estrogen-sensitive breast cancer in an effort to remove the main source of estrogen from their bodies. This procedure has become less common than it was in the 1990s. Today, chemotherapy drugs are available that alter the production of estrogen and tamoxifen blocks any of the effects any remaining estrogen may have on cancer cells.
In younger women with low-grade or early-stage ovarian tumors who have not yet completed their families, the surgeon may perform a unilateral oophorectomy. This approach is called fertility-saving or fertility-sparing surgery. Women who are appropriate candidates for this type of oophorectomy do not have higher rates of cancer recurrence than women who have both ovaries removed.
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PET limitation same as CT, lousy job at picking up peritoneal disease
bony disease worse off after radiation
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Metastatin: A Hyaluronan-binding Complex from Cartilage That Inhibits Tumor Growth1
Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C. 20007 [N. L., C. B. U., Z. H., F. G., L. Z.], and EntreMed, Inc., Rockville, Maryland 20902 [R. K. L., G. S., S. M. P., S. J. G.]
In this study, a hyaluronan-binding complex, which we termed Metastatin, was isolated from bovine cartilage by affinity chromatography and found to have both antitumorigenic and antiangiogenic properties. Metastatin was able to block the formation of tumor nodules in the lungs of mice inoculated with B16BL6 melanoma or Lewis lung carcinoma cells. Single i.v. administration of Metastatin into chicken embryos inhibited the growth of both B16BL6 mouse melanoma and TSU human prostate cancer cells growing on the chorioallantoic membrane. The in vivo biological effect may be attributed to the antiangiogenic activity because Metastatin is able to inhibit the migration and proliferation of cultured endothelial cells as well as vascular endothelial growth factor-induced angiogenesis on the chorioallantoic membrane. In each case, the effect could be blocked by either heat denaturing the Metastatin or premixing it with hyaluronan, suggesting that its activity critically depends on its ability to bind hyaluronan on the target cells. Collectively, these results suggest that Metastatin is an effective antitumor agent that exhibits antiangiogenic activity.
--------------------------------------------------------------------Warfarin (also known under the brand names of Coumadin®, Jantoven®, Marevan®, and Waran®) is an anticoagulant medication that is administered orally or, very rarely, by injection. It is used for the prophylaxis of thrombosis and embolism in many disorders. Its activity has to be monitored by frequent blood testing for the international normalized ratio (INR). It is named for the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation.
Warfarin is a synthetic derivative of coumarin, a chemical found naturally in many plants, notably woodruff (Galium odoratum, Rubiaceae), and at lower levels in licorice, lavender and various other species. Warfarin was originally developed as a rat poison, but it is no longer used for that purpose as modern poisons are much more potent and toxic (e.g. brodifacoum). However, warfarin and contemporary rodenticides belong to the same class of drugs (coumarins) and both decrease blood coagulation by interfering with vitamin K metabolism.
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| Warfarin | |
| Systematic (IUPAC) name | |
| (RS)-4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)- 2H-chromen-2-one |
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A Prostatectomy is the surgical removal of all or part of the prostate gland. Abnormalities of the prostate, such as a tumour, or if the gland itself becomes enlarged for any reason, can restrict the normal flow of urine along the urethra.
There are several forms of the operation:
- Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP): a cystoscope is passed up the urethra to the prostate, where the surrounding prostate tissue is excised. This is a common operation for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) and outcomes are excellent for a high percentage of these patients (80-90%).
- Laparoscopic: a laparoscopic or four small incisions are made in the abdomen, and the entire prostate is removed sparing nerves more easily damaged by a retropubic or suprapubic approach. This procedure is performed by a robot manipulated by a doctor. This is often preferred for men in early stages of prostate cancer.
- Radical perineal prostatectomy: an incision is made in the perineum, midway between rectum and scrotum, and the prostate is removed. Radical prostatectomy is one of the key treatments for prostate cancer.
- Radical retropubic prostatectomy: an incision is made in the lower abdomen, and the prostate removed, by going behind the pubic bone (retropubic). Radical prostatectomy is one of the key treatments for prostate cancer.
- Transurethral Plasmakinetic Vaporization Prostatectomy (TUPVP).
Main Entry: mo·dal·i·ty
Pronunciation: m
-dal-t-Function: noun
Inflected Form(s): plural -ties
1 : one of the main avenues of sensation (as vision)
2 a : a usually physical therapeutic agency b : an apparatus for applying a modality
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Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) is an medical imaging technique which uses magnetic resonance imaging to visualise the biliary and pancreatic ducts in a non-invasive manner. This procedure can be used to determine if gallstones are lodged in any of the ducts surrounding the gallbladder. Stimulation with secretin may enable the acquisition of dynamic MRCP images. Compared to ERCP it is less invasive, but direct intervention is not possible.
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In anatomy, the gastroduodenal artery(GDA) is a small blood vessel in the abdomen. It supplies blood to the pylorus (distal part of the stomach) and the proximal part of the duodenum. It arises from the common hepatic artery and terminates in a bifurcation, when it splits into the right gastroepiploic artery and the anterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery.
Pathology
The gastroduodenal artery can be the source of a significant gastrointestinal bleed, which may arise as a complication of peptic ulcer disease.
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