endometrial stromal sarcoma
hepatocellular carcinoma
histoplasma
pink - stroma body
purple - gland
purple/blue dot - lymphocyte => inflammation
smaller - atrophy
larger - hypertrophy
#cell + = hyperplasia
dysplasia
neoplasia
degeneration - osis
inflammation - itis
neoplasm - oma
hematoma
granuloma
pallisading
granulation
eosinophilic nucleus
H&E stain - eosinophilic, hemotoxilin
dohle bodies
mucin
BAND (immature neutrophils)
basal cells - high apoptosis => no metastasis
cyst - epithelial lining necessary
keratinocytes
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Hashimoto's thyroiditis or chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis is an autoimmune disease where the body's own antibodies attack the cells of the thyroid.
This disorder is believed to be the most common cause of primary hypothyroidism in North America. It is more prevalent in women than in men (8:1), and its incidence increases with age.
In European countries an atrophic form of autoimmune thyroiditis (Ord's thyroiditis) is more common than Hashimoto's thyroiditis.
Presentation
In many cases, Hashimoto's thyroiditis usually results in hypothyroidism, although in its acute phase, it can cause a transient thyrotoxic state.
Physiologically, antibodies to thyroid peroxidase and/or thyroglobulin cause gradual destruction of follicles in the thyroid gland. Accordingly, the disease can be detected clinically by looking for these antibodies in the blood. It is also characterised by invasion of the thyroid tissue by leukocytes, chiefly T-lymphocytes.
Symptoms of Hashimoto's thyroiditis include symptoms of hypothyroidism and a goitre.
[edit] Treatment
Treatment is with daily thyroxine, with the sodium salt of thyroxine liothyronine given when the need to raise levels of circulating thyroxine is urgent.
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endometrial stromal sarcoma
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hepatocellullar carcinoma
Image Description: The tumor cells have moderate variation in size and shape. Note bile production by tumor cells, an indication that they are well-differentiated and able to perform some normal functions of normal hepatocytes. However, the tumor nodules do not contain bile ducts, so the bile simply accumulates in the tumor nodules. The cells show malignant features, with enlarged nuclei with prominent nucleoli.
The first image(1)shows a classic liver lobule. There are portal triads around the edges, cords of hepatocytes, sinusoids, and a central vein.
The next image(2) demonstrates a portal triad with its bile ductule and hepatic arterial and portal venous branches.
At high power (3)within the lobule the hepatocytes are polyhedral with eosinophilic cytoplasm and a usually central nucleus. Between the cords of hepatocytes are endothelially lined sinusoids. Occasional flattened Kupffer cells may be seen.
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Histoplasma capsulatum var. duboisii
Histoplasma is a genus of dimorphic fungi commonly found in bird and bat fecal material.[1] Histoplasma contains a single species—H. capsulatum—the causative agent of histoplasmosis.[2]
Transmission
H. capsulatum grows in soil and material contaminated with bat or bird droppings. Spores (called microconidia) become airborne when contaminated soil is disturbed. Breathing the spores causes infection. When the spores reach the lungs they turn into yeast, which causes the disease. The disease is not transmitted from an infected person to someone else. Plants fertilized with bat droppings may contain spores and when burned the smoke becomes infectious.
[edit] Symptoms
If symptoms occur, they will start within 3 to 17 days after exposure; the average is 10 days. Most infected persons have no apparent ill effects. The acute respiratory disease is characterized by respiratory symptoms, a general ill feeling, fever, chest pains, and a dry or nonproductive cough. Distinct patterns may be seen on a chest x-ray. Chronic lung disease resembles tuberculosis and can worsen over months or years. The disseminated form is fatal unless treated. While histoplasmosis is the most common cause of fibrosing mediastinitis, this remains a relatively rare disease.
[edit] Treatment
Antifungal medications are used to treat severe cases of acute histoplasmosis and all cases of chronic and disseminated disease. Mild disease usually resolves without treatment. Past infection results in partial protection against ill effects if reinfected.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------Dysplasia (from 'bad form', in Greek) is an abnormality in the appearance of cells indicative of an early step towards transformation into a neoplasia. It is therefore a pre-neoplastic or pre-cancerous change. This abnormal growth is restricted to the originating system or location, for example, a dysplasia in the epithelial layer will not invade into the deeper tissue, or a dysplasia solely in a red blood cell line (refractory anaemia) will stay within the bone marrow and cardiovascular systems. Though epithelial dysplasia may regress spontaneously, persistent lesions must be removed, either with surgery, chemical burning, heat burning, burning with laser, or freezing (cryotherapy).
The best known form of dysplasia is the precursor lesions to cervical cancer, called cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). This lesion is usually caused by an infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV). Dysplasia of the cervix is almost always unsuspected by the woman. It is usually discovered by a screening test, the pap smear. The purpose of this test is to diagnose the disease early, while it is still in the dysplasia phase and easy to cure.
[edit] Dysplasia vs carcinoma in situ vs invasive carcinoma
These terms are related since they represent the three steps of the progression towards cancer:
- Dysplasia is the earliest form of pre-cancerous lesion recognizable in a pap smear or in a biopsy by a pathologist in which a cell begins to change away from its normal form to an abnormal, less differentiated form. Dysplasia can be low grade or high grade (see CIS below). The risk of low grade dysplasia transforming into high grade dysplasia and, eventually, cancer is low. Treatment is usually easy. High grade dysplasia represents a more advanced progression away from normal and nearing cancer transformation. Treatment is still easy at this stage.
- Carcinoma in situ , meaning 'cancer in place', represents a final transformation of a dysplastic cell to cancer, though the cancer remains local and has not moved out of the original site. Cancer is a state where the cells have lost their tissue identity and have reverted back to a primitive cell form that grows rapidly and without regulation.
- Invasive carcinoma is the final step in this sequence. It is a cancer which has invaded beyond the original tissue layer and is also able to spread to other parts of the body (metastasize), starting growth of the cancer there and destroying the affected organs. It can be treated, but not always successfully. However, if left untreated it is almost always fatal.
Metaplasia is a situation where cells have changed from their original mature differentiated type into another mature differentiated cell type as an adaptive response to exposure to chronic irritation, or to a pathogen or carcinogen. It also occurs where one normal cell type changes into another normal cell type as in the cervix where squamous epithelium on the exo-cervix changes to normal columnar epithelium in the endo-cervix. This area is also known as the transformation zone and is the location of many dyplastic lesions thus the sampling of this area during a pap test is critical. Metaplasia is distinct from dysplasia because in a dysplastic cell these changes have become encoded into the genome and so are heritable or passed on to daughter cells during cell replication.
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Histology Slide of Subacute Subdural Hematoma
7-8 day old or so subdural hematoma membrane...beneath the membranous cellular reaction is a recent hemorrhage, the age of which is 2 days old or less
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In medicine (anatomical pathology), a granuloma is a group of epithelioid macrophages surrounded by a lymphocyte cuff. Granulomas are small nodules that are seen in a variety of diseases such as Crohn's disease, tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, berylliosis and syphilis. It is also a feature of Wegener's granulomatosis and Churg-Strauss syndrome, two related autoimmune disorders.
An important aspect of granulomas is whether they are caseating or not. Caseation (literally: turning to cheese) is a form of necrosis at the centre of a granuloma and is a feature of the granulomas of tuberculosis.
H&E section of non-caseasting granuloma seen in the colon of a patient with Crohn's disease
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Palisade
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Eosinophilic is a technical term used by histologists. The context in which this word is used is in describing the microscopic appearance of cells and tissues, as seen down the microscope, after a histological section has been stained with the dye eosin. Eosinophilic, means "loves eosin", which Eosin is an acidic dye, thus the structure being stained is basic.
Eosinophilic describes the appearance of cells and structures seen in histological sections which take up the staining dye, eosin. This is a bright pink dye that stains the cytoplasm of cells as well as extracellular proteins such as collagen.
Such eosinophilic structures are generally composed of protein.
The stain eosin is usually combined with a stain called haematoxylin to produce a haematoxylin and eosin stained section (also called an H&E, HE or H+E section). This is the most widely used histological stain in medical diagnosis - for example when a pathologist looks at a biopsy of a suspected cancer they will have the section stained with H&E.
Some structures seen inside cells are described as being eosinophilic, for example Lewy bodies, Mallory bodies.
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H&E stain
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
H&E stain, or haematoxylin and eosin stain, is a popular staining method in histology. It is the most widely used stain in medical diagnosis; for example when a pathologist looks at a biopsy of a suspected cancer, the histological section is likely to be stained with H&E and termed H&E section, H+E section, or HE section.
The staining method involves application of the basic dye haematoxylin, which colors basophilic structures with blue-purple hue, and alcohol-based acidic eosin Y, which colors eosinophilic structures bright pink.
The basophilic structures are usually the ones containing nucleic acids, such as the ribosomes and the chromatin-rich cell nucleus, and the cytoplasmatic regions rich in RNA.
The eosinophilic structures are generally composed of intracellular or extracellular protein. The Lewy bodies and Mallory bodies are examples of eosinophilic structures. Most of the cytoplasm is eosinophilic. Red blood cells are stained intensely red.
The structures do not have to be acidic or basic to be called basophilic and eosinophilic. The terminology is based on the affinity to the dyes.
Other colors, e.g. yellow and brown, can be present in the sample; they are caused by intrinsic pigments, e.g. melanin.
Some structures do not stain well. Basal laminae need to be stained by PAS stain or some silver stains, if they have to be well visible. Reticular fibers also require silver stain. Hydrophobic structures also tend to remain clear; these are usually rich in fats, eg. adipocytes, myelin around neuron axons, and Golgi apparatus membranes.
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Dohle Body -Inclusion bodies that represent the remnants of free ribosomes of rough endoplasmic reticulum.
-Single or multiple, blue, grayish-blue, or greenish inclusions.
-Found in the cytoplasm of PMNs, bands or metamyelocytes.
-Often seen with toxic granulation and vacuoles.
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mucin
Mucins are a family of large, heavily glycosylated proteins. Although some mucins are membrane-bound due to the presence of a hydrophobic membrane-spanning domain that favors retention in the plasma membrane, the concentration here is on those mucins that are secreted on mucosal surfaces and saliva.
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BAND (immature neutrophil)
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- Keratin flakes inside cyst (open arrow)
- Epithelial cyst lining (solid arrow)
- Surface epidermis (very very thin arrow)
